The province of Bushehr is located in southern area of Iran and north of Persian Gulf. Solid waste management in Bushehr’s villages was the aim of this research. For the sake of this study, 21 villages scattered all over the province were selected. Field studies showed that about 646 grams of residential solid waste per capita is generated in selected villages every day. There are 322 shops in chosen villages and total amount of commercial waste is about 3565 kilograms per day. The average amount of medical waste is about 7.8 kilograms per hygienic unit. Waste Composition in selected villages is: putrescible materials: 42.49%, construction and demolition: 11.7%, paper and cardboard: 8.77%, plastics: 8.24%, wood: 6.90%, metal: 6.08%, glass: 5.89%, rubber and leather: 5.1% and textile: 4.83%. According to this study, the main obstacle to recycling program is the unbiased collection of waste in Rural area. It is recommended that for the first five year program, source separation includes degradable matter and dry wastes (paper, plastics and metals). Source separation of other components such as wood, rubber, glass and textile can be carried out in the second five year program. From the economical point of view, incineration with energy recovery can not be a good alternative for Rural waste disposal in Bushehr province. Due to the low volume of degradable matter, land availability with low cost and easy access to labor force in Rural areas, low cost technology composting is recommended. The quantity of waste generated in each village is not sufficient to be managed separately, thus a regional solid waste management must be defined to include adjacent villages.

In far past, the local management of Rural areas was considered by large and small land owners. During the land reform of 1960s and the removal of large landowners from Rural scene, the authority and responsibility of local and traditional management reached to its minimum level, and govenmentalization of Rural areas increased rapidly. Consequently, Rural people participation in decision making was declined considerably. This has continued to the present time in the new forms of Islamic Rural Councils and Village Assistance Offices.In this study the importance of Rural management was discussed and its ignorance considered as a barrier to development. Any design of Rural management system should be based on trust and beliefs of Rural people.

A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of Rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on Rural physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of Rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism development and Rural identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical development of Rural settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism development in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and then differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with Rural life (3/58) and Rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of Rural settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in the development of Rural physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of Rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local and regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of development. Today, Rural areas in developing countries face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as the development of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some Rural areas. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to Rural development has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of Rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed Rural areas,  and leads to changes in the physical dimensions and physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism development in the physical identity of  Rural settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of Rural settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and the type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to Rural life and Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism development is affected, and the difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical development of Rural settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 variables extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely Rural planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, Rural livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism development on the development of physical identity changes in Rural settlements in the study area. Thus, the development of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its social and economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in Rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of the Rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied variables had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of Rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of Rural housing with 27% of the total variance and beautification and sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes and, consequently, the physical identity of the Rural settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council and the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure and function of the villages in the region; management of land use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties and beautifying them using the social and cultural elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Nowadays, tourism is one of the worldwide developmental industries that is considered as a way for increasing the national revenue of all countries in all over the world. Rural tourism is one of the most attractive and possibly the most modern branches of this industry. Today, some politics and planners intend tourism as a way towards economical stabilization and Rural community development. Also, some others believe that developing Rural tourism can be effective to solve the countrymen’s problems and essentially to move the region towards progress and development.Rural tourism industry can be supposed as a sharp edge. If it grows wrongly and irregularly, it not only will be helpless but it will also have irretrievable and destructive effects on social, economical, natural, environmental and other units of Rural communities and finally on the whole society.Therefore, an accurate planning and a compatible management for Rural tourism are complicated responsibilities since there is too much variety in Rural tourism and, on the other hand, it is an informal and arbitrary activity. So, the most important questions which should be treated in the Rural management are: How much attention will be paid to the Rural tourism and ecotourism to formulate a Rural management structure? How can tourism industry be considered as a applicably manageable way for Rural development? Moreover, a reciprocal relation between these two parts shows the necessity of paying attention and giving importance to tourism industry in Rural management structure as by developing Rural tourism, the manager can significantly create a financial source to accomplish his plans. On the other hand, if the management is accurate, the tourism industry will grow and develop basically. The aim of this paper is recognition and determination of the place of Rural tourism in both regional and metropolitan management in the country. Furthermore, factors that are effective in Rural management structure will be recognized and then analyzed.

As a means available to Rural management, authority is a fully dynamic phenomenon. The contemporary history of Iranian villages indicates that authority and power have, as controlling measures in respect of Rural affairs, been practiced in various forms within three distinct time periods.In the period before the land reforms of the year 1962, authority was conferred upon aldermen (chiefs of Villages) in line with the protection of benefits of land owners. Chiefs of villages were in fact the means of establishment and maintenance of an order in villages within the period. Within the period from land reform and the Islamic Revolution of the year 1979, the authority and power that manifested itself in the presence of chiefs of villages began to fade away along with the decline of power of major landlords in Iran and village masters were appointed as official representatives of the government. After the Islamic revolution bow ever, a new foundation was formed in villages that were called Islamic council. Islamic councils have the responsibility of controlling the affairs of villages with the authority that is based on public participation.The present article has concluded that establishment and maintenance of order in Rural communities has in all the aforesaid three periods, been involving special problems and in our days also Iranian villages suffer the absence of true management in spite of the presence of an official managerial foundation in each village. The collation to this social problem seems to be the creation of a bond between the Rural controlling foundations and the overall structure of the society.

Drinking water is one of the essential needs for human being. Today more water resources in most countries are an important point for development. Even in political and social fields and in international disputes, water plays an important role. Water shortage, water quality problems, inability of governments in operating thousands of kilometers of water distribution nets and pumping stations, thousands of wells and hundreds of aqueducts (Qantas) and springs in Rural areas cause the essence of a serious revision in Rural drinking water supply management (RDWSM). The goal of this research is to introduce principles of drinking water supply management, to select the water resources and to manage water purification, transmission and distribution in Rural and small communities on the basis of the world health organization programs for developing countries. Considering the experiences of other countries in using the preceding recommendations and guidelines, if the managers of Rural drinking water supply systems pay attention to the above points, the problems with drinking water supply in Rural areas will be reduced. This is a review article whose author has presented more than sixteen years of experience and research in the field of DRWSM along with the WHO patterns from 1980 to 2004 regarding drinking water supply of Rural and small communities. The principles of RDWSM in Rural areas include drinking water quantity and quality management, water supply management and water resources selection, transmission and distribution. Studies show that water supply management in all Rural areas should be changed and without using the experiences of other developing countries, WHO programs and in the sense of a traditional management, no one could expect that the water supply programs will be successful. The root of water supply problems in the last years in Iran should be identified and past mistakes must be prevented.

Environmental hazards are one of the main obstacles to the achievement of sustainable development, especially in human settlements (especially villages). Over the past decades, with the crisis management approach, the use of all management achievements, organization and pre-crisis planning to deal with hazards Natural and human is rational and necessary. In dealing with emerging crises, one of the main pillars of proper coping and prevention of the negative effects of these hazards is the inclusion of crisis management centers, which include all prevention, preparedness and response measures, including relief, temporary accommodation of the incident, in which It is possible to minimize the consequences of a possible crisis. Hence, the city of Ardabil, due to being located in an area of seismicity and its location in the border area of the country, has a high potential for the development of non-human hazards. Therefore, in this study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, using the Hierarchical Analytic Model (AHP) (13 criteria), the area of Ardabil city was zoned in order to locate Rural Crisis management Centers and using the TOPSIS (8 criteria) model Prioritization of Rural Crisis management Centers was conducted within the study area. The results of the research show that 13. 3% of the land in Ardebil has the highest ability to establish crisis management centers. With respect to the specified areas, 7 locations for the establishment of crisis management centers were identified and the TOPSIS model was used to prioritize these centers and the results showed that the base number 2 has the highest capability and the base number 1 Featuring the lowest capacity for deployment of crisis management center